Which action is characterized by intimidating or coercing a civilian population?

Terrorism is characterized by using violence, intimidation, or threats to coerce a civilian population or instill fear for political or ideological purposes. This definition encompasses various tactics that can disrupt societal norms and threaten the safety of individuals at random or within targeted groups. The underlying goal of terrorism is often to influence the behavior of governments, societies, or other groups, making it distinctly focused on the broader impact rather than just individual crimes or personal grievances.

In the context of this question, the other actions listed—assault, extortion, and vandalism—do not primarily aim to intimidate or coerce a population for ideological purposes. Assault typically involves physical harm or the threat of violence directed at an individual. Extortion involves obtaining something of value through threats, typically targeting an individual or business rather than a broader civilian population. Vandalism refers to the intentional destruction or damage of property, which may not necessarily involve intimidation or coercion of the public. Therefore, terrorism is uniquely defined by its intent to influence or control a larger societal group through fear and intimidation.